Biological Mechanisms

Master energy sensor — mimics caloric restriction and exercise at the cellular level.

Central anabolic regulator — inhibition is one of the most robust longevity interventions.

NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase — regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, and DNA repair.

Central energy cofactor — declines 50% with age, impairing mitochondria and DNA repair.

Longevity transcription factors — regulate stress resistance, autophagy, and DNA repair.

Cellular self-cleaning — degrades damaged proteins and organelles to maintain homeostasis.

Growth of new mitochondria driven by PGC-1α — increases energy capacity and longevity.

Master antioxidant regulator — activates hundreds of cytoprotective genes including HO-1, NQO1.

Master inflammation transcription factor — controls TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2.

Intracellular danger sensor — triggers IL-1β in gout, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration.

IRS-1/PI3K/Akt glucose uptake pathway — its dysregulation underlies diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Vasodilatory signalling molecule — declines with age, driving hypertension and endothelial dysfunction.

Primary neuronal growth factor — drives synaptic plasticity, memory, and neuroprotection.

Brain rewiring capacity — depends on BDNF/NGF and declines with age and chronic stress.

Central stress response axis — chronic activation accelerates aging and immune dysregulation.