A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.
Caffeine has been studied across 20 research domains including 🧠 Cognitive, ⚡ Energy & Fatigue, 🧠 Focus & Attention, 😴 Sleep, 🏃 Endurance & VO2. The primary research focus is 🧠 Cognitive with 56% of studies addressing this area.
The following compounds share molecular targets with Caffeine, based on binding affinity data from BindingDB and ChEMBL. Sorted by shared target overlap.
This evidence profile for Caffeine is generated deterministically from 299 PubMed-indexed studies. All data is corpus-verified with Merkle proofs. BiohacksAI does not provide medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen.
Data source: PubMed/MEDLINE (NLM). Corpus version: current. Patent pending (EVE-PAT-2026-001). © 2026 Organiq Sweden AB.